Time series of emotions in each country
In all timeline plots below, the black dashed line indicates the onset of nationwide social distancing measures that concern the general population, rather than just some small subgroups (e.g. prisons, retirement homes, universities). Such general measures include closures of bars, restaurants, schools, kindergardens, stay at home orders, restrictions on the usage of public transport etc.
Italy events:
- Gray: Date of first case in Italy
USA events:
- Green: USA kills Iraqi military commander Soleimani on 2020-01-03
- Purple: Death of Kobe Bryant on 2020-01-26
- Blue: Super Bowl annual chamiponship of the National Football League (NFL) on 2020-02-03. Large sports events are usually linked to an increase of various emotions, not just anxiety, so it is likely that we will see a similar increase when analyzing other emotions.
- Black: date where the first state implements some form of lockdown 2020-03-19, the last state follows on 2020-04-07
Spain events:
- Blue: Parliament election of prime minister in polarized climate 2020-01-05
Germany events:
- Red: Terrorist attack in Hanau on 2020-02-25
Austria events:
- Red: Terrorist attack in Hanau on 2020-02-25
Switzerland events:
- Red: Terrorist attack in Hanau on 2020-02-25
Netherlands events:
- Red: Terrorist attack in Hanau on 2020-02-25
Belgium events:
- Red: Terrorist attack in Hanau on 2020-02-25
Canada events:
- Green: USA kills Iraqi military commander Soleimani on 2020-01-03
- Purple: Death of Kobe Bryant on 2020-01-26
- Blue: Super Bowl annual chamiponship of the National Football League (NFL) on 2020-02-03. Large sports events are usually linked to an increase of various emotions, not just anxiety, so it is likely that we will see a similar increase when analyzing other emotions.
- Black: date where 90% of US population under some form of lockdown, first state on 2020-03-19, last state on 2020-04-07
Chile events:
Mexico events:
- Green: Protests against violence against women after the murder of Ingrid Escamilla and Fátima Aldrighett
Time series of cases in all countries
In Latin America, cases only start to increase later than in Europe and North America.
Time series of total tweets and unique authors
Country comparison: percentage change in 5 weeks since Covid-19 outbreak vs. the baseline
Logistic regression model results: 5 weeks after outbreak
The following figures show the regression coefficients for each of the six time periods (control, and week 1 to 5 after the outbreak), and 95% Wald confidence intervals, from the model comparing each period to the baseline.
Correlation of anxiety and cases
Averages across the 5 weeks after the outbreak
Effects of measure stringency
Time series of stringency and emotions per country
Time periods around the stringency increase
- Control period (Mid Jan to Mid February)
- 1 week period 1 week before the strong stringency increase
- Stringency increase: first time the increase is above 20 stringency points within 7 days, 3 days before and 3 days after this day
- 2 week period 2 weeks after the strong stringency increase
Average per time period: Anxiety
Average per time period: Sadness
Average per time period: Anger
Average per time period: Positive emotions
Linear mixed effects models to compare periods around the stringency increase with each other
The plots below show the coefficients and 95% confidence intervals from the contrasts comparing each period to the next, to show when measures may have effected each emotion.
Number of days with sustained levels above or below the baseline